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AmFm Stars as a Test of Rotational Mixing Models
Stellar evolution models have been calculated for stars of 1.7-2.5Msolar with both the Geneva-Toulouse and Montreal codes. Inthe Geneva-Toulouse code, the internal evolution of angular momentum iscalculated self-consistently along with the transport of a few species.In the Montreal code, the transport of 24 species is treated in detail,taking into account radiative accelerations, thermal diffusion, andgravitational settling, along with the turbulent diffusion coefficientscalculated in the Geneva-Toulouse code. It is verified that the twocodes lead to very similar internal structure for a given mass. Thecalculated surface abundances are compared to abundance anomaliesobserved on AmFm stars. It is found that with approximately the sameparameters as used for other types of stars, the Geneva-Toulouse codeleads to turbulent transport coefficients that produce abundanceanomalies consistent with the observed ones for HD 73045, HD 23610, andSirius. Taking into account the effect of the anisotropy of turbulenceon vertical transport plays an important role, although the level ofanisotropy in stellar envelopes is very uncertain; this effect isusually neglected in calculations. The stabilizing effect of the meanmolecular weight gradient can also be important. The current level ofaccuracy of observed abundances only permits to choose within aone-parameter family of models. To distinguish between turbulent modelswith different interior profiles, an accuracy of 0.03 dex is required ofabundance determinations, a level of accuracy that is not currentlyachieved. It is also shown that taking into account thepre-main-sequence evolution of the rotation profile leads to animportant reduction in the Ω dependence of turbulent transport forslow rotators.
| Astrometric radial velocities. III. Hipparcos measurements of nearby star clusters and associations
Radial motions of stars in nearby moving clusters are determined fromaccurate proper motions and trigonometric parallaxes, without any use ofspectroscopy. Assuming that cluster members share the same velocityvector (apart from a random dispersion), we apply a maximum-likelihoodmethod on astrometric data from Hipparcos to compute radial and spacevelocities (and their dispersions) in the Ursa Major, Hyades, ComaBerenices, Pleiades, and Praesepe clusters, and for theScorpius-Centaurus, alpha Persei, and ``HIP 98321'' associations. Theradial motion of the Hyades cluster is determined to within 0.4 kms-1 (standard error), and that of its individual stars towithin 0.6 km s-1. For other clusters, Hipparcos data yieldastrometric radial velocities with typical accuracies of a few kms-1. A comparison of these astrometric values withspectroscopic radial velocities in the literature shows a good generalagreement and, in the case of the best-determined Hyades cluster, alsopermits searches for subtle astrophysical differences, such as evidencefor enhanced convective blueshifts of F-dwarf spectra, and decreasedgravitational redshifts in giants. Similar comparisons for the ScorpiusOB2 complex indicate some expansion of its associations, albeit slowerthan expected from their ages. As a by-product from the radial-velocitysolutions, kinematically improved parallaxes for individual stars areobtained, enabling Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams with unprecedentedaccuracy in luminosity. For the Hyades (parallax accuracy 0.3 mas), itsmain sequence resembles a thin line, possibly with wiggles in it.Although this main sequence has underpopulated regions at certaincolours (previously suggested to be ``Böhm-Vitense gaps''), suchare not visible for other clusters, and are probably spurious. Futurespace astrometry missions carry a great potential for absoluteradial-velocity determinations, insensitive to the complexities ofstellar spectra. Based on observations by the ESA Hipparcos satellite.Extended versions of Tables \ref{tab1} and \ref{tab2} are available inelectronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr(130.79.125.8) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/381/446
| Statistics of binaries in the Pleiades cluster
We present a statistical analysis of binaries in galactic clusters,based on photometric properties. Synthetic clusters are used to solvethe deconvolution problem. If the colour-magnitude relation for singlestars is given and if triple stars are treated as binaries, thedistribution of systems in a colour-magnitude diagram (CMD) can be usedto determine cluster properties. They include the maximum number ofsingle stars N1max which is compatible with the distributionof systems, a standard deviation sigma (describing the scatter of starson the main sequence), a critical mass ratio q_c, and the mass ratiodistribution in the case of N_1=N1max. In the general case(N_1<= N1max) the mass ratio distribution can bedetermined for q>q_c, and in favourable cases (if N_1 is sufficientlylarge) for all mass ratios. A first application concerns thePleiades cluster in the colour range 0.2<= B-V<0.98. The concentration of systems near the main sequence in the CMDis used to derive an approximation for the colour-magnitude relation. Asmall positive number c is involved as a parameter. The mass ratiodistribution depends sensitively on c and increases towards small massratios, at least up to q =~ 0.5 and probably up to q =~ 0.3. Thedistribution is bimodal, with a peak at q=1. Photometric arguments showthat c<~ 0.02. A binary frequency of 60-70% as expected from clustersimulations (Kroupa \cite{krou}) requires c<~ 0.03. An adjustment oftwo parameters (c=0.02 and a 70% binary frequency) is sufficient toreproduce the mass ratio distribution for binaries in the galacticfield. This suggests that the mass ratio distribution in the Pleiades issimilar to the distribution in the field, in accordance with aconjecture of Bouvier et al. (\cite{brn}, BRN).
| Open clusters with Hipparcos. I. Mean astrometric parameters
New memberships, mean parallaxes and proper motions of all 9 openclusters closer than 300 pc (except the Hyades) and 9rich clusters between 300 and 500 pc have been computed using Hipparcosdata. Precisions, ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 mas for parallaxes and 0.1 to0.5 mas/yr for proper motions, are of great interest for calibratingphotometric parallaxes as well as for kinematical studies. Carefulinvestigations of possible biases have been performed and no evidence ofsignificant systematic errors on the mean cluster parallaxes has beenfound. The distances and proper motions of 32 more distant clusters,which may be used statistically, are also indicated. Based onobservations made with the ESA Hipparcos astrometry satellite
| The Pleiades and alpha Persei Clusters
The upper-main-sequence members of the Pleiades and alpha Perseiclusters, considered as members of the Local Association, yield meanparallaxes that are only 4% larger than the mean values from Hipparcosobservations. The (log T_eff, M_V) diagram reveals that in thetemperature range from 6000 to 8000 K, the Hyades and alpha Perseimain-sequence members are nearly identical and several tenths of amagnitude brighter than similar stars on the Pleiades main sequence. Thedeparture of the Pleiades main sequence cannot be traced to either ageor heavy-element abundance differences in the range thought to apply tothese clusters. A 50% increase in the helium abundance of Pleiades overHyades stars could account for the luminosity difference. Alternativeexplanations are that the Pleiades cluster is rejected from superclustermembership and/or that the Hipparcos parallax results for the Pleiadesare in error by some 10%.
| Metal abundances of A-type stars in galactic clusters. II. Pleiades, Coma Berenices, Hyades, and Praesepe
A study of chemical composition for 23 A-type stars in four nearby openclusters (Pleiades, Coma, Hyades and Praesepe) has derived detailedabundances for Mg, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, and Ni from high resolutionspectroscopy. These results are discussed using the microscopicdiffusion model, which yields time-dependent element stratifications asin the case of Am stars. For the Pleiades, the youngest cluster, we findseveral atypical abundance patterns, which may be transient phases ofthe Am phenomenon. The members of the older clusters show globally moreclassical patterns. Based on observations collected at the Observatoirede Haute-Provence (France)
| Spectrophotometry of 237 Stars in 7 Open Clusters
Spectrophotometry is presented for 237 stars in 7 nearby open clusters:Hyades, Pleiades, Alpha Persei, Praesepe, Coma Berenices, IC 4665, andM39. The observations were taken by Lee McDonald and David Bursteinusing the Wampler single-channel scanner on the Crossley 0.9m telescopeat Lick Observatory from July 1973 through December 1974. Sixteenbandpasses spanning the spectral range 3500 Angstroms to 7780 Angstromswere observed for each star, with bandwidths 32Angstroms, 48 Angstromsor 64 Angstroms. Data are standardized to the Hayes-Latham system tomutual accuracy of 0.016 mag per passband. The accuracy of thespectrophotometry is assessed in three ways on a star-by-star basis.First, comparisons are made with previously published spectrophotometryfor 19 stars observed in common. Second, (B-V) colors and uvby colorsare compared for 236 stars and 221 stars, respectively. Finally,comparsions are made for 200 main sequence stars to the spectralsynthesis models of Kurucz, fixing log g = 4.0 and [Fe/H] = 0.0, andonly varying effective temperature. The accuracy of tests using uvbycolors and the Kurucz models are shown to track each other closely,yielding an accuracy estimate (1 sigma ) of 0.01 mag for the 13 colorsformed from bandpasses longward of the Balmer jump, and 0.02 mag for the3 colors formed from the three bandpasses below the Balmer jump. Incontrast, larger scatter is found relative to the previously publishedspectrophotometry of Bohm-Vitense & Johnson (16 stars in common) andGunn & Stryker (3 stars). We also show that the scatter in the fitsof the spectrophotometric colors and the uvby filter colors is areasonable way to identify the observations of which specific stars areaccurate to 1 sigma , 2 sigma , .... As such, the residuals from boththe filter color fits and the Kurucz model fits are tabulated for eachstar where it was possible to make a comparison, so users of these datacan choose stars according to the accuracy of the data that isappropriate to their needs. The very good agreement between the modelsand these data verifies the accuracy of these data, and also verifiesthe usefulness of the Kurucz models to define spectrophotometry forstars in this temperature range (>5000 K). These data define accuratespectrophotometry of bright, open cluster stars that can be used as asecondary flux calibration for CCD-based spectrophotometric surveys.
| The Pleiades open cluster: abundances of Li, Al, Si, S, Fe, Ni, and EU in normal A and AM stars.
In the first of a series of papers on the A stars in open clusters,normal A and Am stars in the Pleiades were observed with theCanada-France-Hawaii telescope at high spectral resolution and highsignal-to-noise ratios. Photospheric abundances have been determined forLi, Al, Si, S, Fe, Ni, and Eu from model atmosphere abundance analysis.The A stars of the Pleiades are at the beginning of their Main Sequenceevolution. At this stage, Li is clearly deficient in the Am starscompared with the normal A stars (-0.65 dex), and the abundance of Fe isthe same for both stellar groups, twice its original solar value asgiven by the Pleiades F stars. These Fe results are unexpected since,firstly, normal A stars are thought to have normal abundances and,secondly, Am stars are classically said to be overabundant in Fecompared with normal A stars. The maximum Li abundance of the cluster isfound in the normal A stars with log N (Li)=3.55+/-0.1 on the scale logN(H)=12.0. These stars seem to have preserved their original Li betterthan any other cooler stars of the Pleiades cluster. The behavior of Liin the slow-rotator Am stars versus the rapid-rotator normal A stars inthe Pleiades is exactly comparable with that found in the "low v sin i"versus "high v sin i" stars with similar masses in the Orionassociation. Could it be that Li differentiation between Am and normal Astars takes place during their pre-Main-Sequence evolution? The Liresults in the Am stars challenge predictions from model envelopescoupling diffusion and evolution (plus mass loss) in non rotating starssince only strong underabundances are expected at the age of thePleiades.
| The Tokyo PMC catalog 90-93: Catalog of positions of 6649 stars observed in 1990 through 1993 with Tokyo photoelectric meridian circle
The sixth annual catalog of the Tokyo Photoelectric Meridian Circle(PMC) is presented for 6649 stars which were observed at least two timesin January 1990 through March 1993. The mean positions of the starsobserved are given in the catalog at the corresponding mean epochs ofobservations of individual stars. The coordinates of the catalog arebased on the FK5 system, and referred to the equinox and equator ofJ2000.0. The mean local deviations of the observed positions from theFK5 catalog positions are constructed for the basic FK5 stars to comparewith those of the Tokyo PMC Catalog 89 and preliminary Hipparcos resultsof H30.
| Miscellaneous spectroscopic notes
Results of slit-spectrograph observations are reported for approximately260 stars. The data presented range from recognition of many new Ap, Am,and other unusual stars to H-alpha observations of early-typesupergiants and Be stars. The material discussed was obtained over thepast 40 years at a number of U.S. observatories and at the DominionAstrophysical Observatory in Victoria, B.C.
| Interstellar extinction in the direction of the Merope dark cloud in Pleiades
The dependence of interstellar extinction on distance in the directionof the dark cloud south of Merope is determined using photoelectricphotometry of 93 stars in the Vilnius photometric system. The cloudfront edge is detected at 120-130 pc from the sun, and the distance ofthe Pleiades cluster is found to be 127 pc. Mean extinction, A(V), inthe Merope cloud is of the order of 1.0 mag. There is no evidence ofextinction at distances exceeding the Merope cloud distance. Thevariable extinction method yields R = A(V)/E(B-V) = 3.6, while themaximum polarization wavelength method gives the value 3.4. SomePleiades stars are suspected to be unresolved binaries.
| A VBLUW photometric survey of the Pleiades cluster
Photometric data are presented for 390 known or suspected members of thePleiades cluster. The data were obtained in 1979 at ESO using theWalraven VBLUW photometer and the Dutch 91-cm telescope. A comparisonwas made with subsets obtained with the same telescope andinstrumentation at the former Leiden Southern Station at the SAAO annexduring 1976 and 1977, and with data obtained at ESO during 1980 and1981. The much improved performance of the telescope and the photometerat their new site is obvious from these comparisons. The stars measuredcomprise the selection of possible members by Hertzsprung (1947)brighter than m(pg) = 14.5 and a selection of possible members in theouter region of the cluster by Pels et al. (1975). Of the starsselected, 66 were found not to be members. A few of these are possiblyescaping members. The present data set provides a well determined mainsequence over the range K2V to B9V, as well as data on some of theprobably premain-sequence K2-to-K5 and postmain-sequence B8-to-B6 stars.Finding charts for the stars selected by Pels are presented in anappendix.
| Four-color and H-beta photometry for open clusters. XI - The Pleiades
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1976AJ.....81..419C&db_key=AST
| A spectroscopic investigation of the Pleiades.
Not Available
| Catalogue des étoiles mesurées dans le système photométrique de l'Observatoire de Genève
Not Available
| The Color-Magnitude Diagram of the Pleiades Cluster. II.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1958ApJ...128...31J&db_key=AST
| Spectrophotometric methods for determining stellar luminosity.
Not Available
| The physical members of the Pleiades group
Not Available
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| קבוצת-כוכבים: | שור |
| התרוממות ימנית: | 03h47m22.90s |
| סירוב: | +22°55'19.6" |
| גודל גלוי: | 8.162 |
| מרחק: | 101.317 פארסק |
| תנועה נכונה: | 20.9 |
| תנועה נכונה: | -47.9 |
| B-T magnitude: | 8.47 |
| V-T magnitude: | 8.188 |
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